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Urupapuro rwari rwarazimiye rw’inyandiko za Archimedes rwongeye kuboneka mu Bufaransa
Umushakashatsi yabonye urupapuro rumwe mu zari zarazimiye mu nyandiko ya kera izwi nka Archimedes Palimpsest, inyandiko yo mu kinyejana cya 10 ikubiyemo kopi z’inyandiko z’umuhanga w’Umugereki Archimedes.
Urwo rupapuro rwabonetse mu bubiko bw’inyandiko za kera mu nzu ndangamurage iri mu mujyi wa Blois mu Bufaransa.
Abashakashatsi bavuga ko ari igice cy’amateka cyari cyibagiranye mu bubiko bw’iyo nzu ndangamurage.
Archimedes, ufatwa nk’umwe mu bahanga bakomeye mu mibare n’ubuhanga bw’ikoranabuhanga mu mateka y’isi, yabayeho mu kinyejana cya gatatu mbere ya Yezu Kristu mu mujyi wa Syracuse.
Mu byo yavumbuye harimo ihame ryitwa buoyancy, rijyanye n’uburyo ibintu bireremba mu mazi. Uyu muhanga ngo yarivumbuye amaze kuva mu bwogero, ari bwo yavugaga ijambo rizwi cyane rya “Eureka!”.
Inyandiko yagiye ihindurwamo izindi
Inyandiko za Archimedes zabitswe mu nyandiko ya kera yitwa palimpsest. Palimpsest ni urupapuro rwanditsweho rukaza gusibwa inyandiko zariho, hanyuma rukandikwaho izindi, rimwe na rimwe bikaba byakorwa inshuro nyinshi.
Umushakashatsi Victor Gysembergh wo mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya CNRS mu Bufaransa ni we wabonye uru rupapuro rwari rwarazimiye.
Yavuze ko iyi nyandiko ari “ububiko bw’agaciro burimo inyandiko nyinshi z’ingenzi zo mu bihe bya kera.”
Uretse inyandiko za Archimedes zerekeye imibare, iyi manuscrit inagaragaramo inyandiko ze zijyanye n’ubwenge, ubuvanganzo ndetse n’imyemerere.
Iyi nyandiko ntiyanditswe n’ukuboko kwa Archimedes ubwe, ahubwo yandukuwe mu kinyejana cya 10 nyuma ya Kristu.
Nyuma y’igihe cy’imyaka hafi 200, inyandiko zariho zasibwe maze urwo rupapuro rukoreshwa mu gitabo cy’amasengesho ya gikirisitu.
Urugendo rurerure rw’iyi nyandiko
Iyi manuscrit yanyuze mu maboko menshi mu mateka. Mu kinyejana cya 19 yari ibitswe n’Ubupatriarike bw’Abagiriki bo muri Yeruzalemu, harimo mu isomero ryari riri i Constantinople, ubu hitwa Istanbul.
Mu 1906, umuhanga mu mateka wo muri Denmark Johan Ludvig Heiberg yayibonye maze afata amafoto ya buri rupapuro rwayo.
Ariko mu gihe cy’Intambara ya Mbere y’Isi, iyi nyandiko yarazimiye.
Nyuma yaje kuboneka mu bubiko bw’umuryango umwe mu Bufaransa, maze mu 1998 igurishwa mu cyamunara igurwa n’umuntu ukize utatangajwe amazina.
Hari amakuru yatangajwe n’ikinyamakuru Der Spiegel yavugaga ko ashobora kuba ari umuherwe Jeff Bezos, ariko nta gihamya cyemeza uwo ari we.
Mu nyandiko zose zigera kuri 177 zari zigize iyi manuscrit, impapuro eshatu zari zarazimiye.
Uko uru rupapuro rwongeye kuboneka
Victor Gysembergh yavuze ko akunda gushakisha inyandiko za palimpsest mu masomero no mu bubiko bw’inyandiko za kera.
Yagize ati:
“Nkunda izi nyandiko kuko zidufasha kubona inyandiko nyinshi z’ingenzi zari zarazimiye.”
Yongeyeho ko uru rupapuro rwabonetse kubera igitekerezo cyavutse mu biganiro byoroheje n’abo bakorana.
Yari yababwiye ko abami b’u Bufaransa ba kera bagiraga isomero mu mujyi wa Blois, maze bavuga bati: “Reka turebe niba nta palimpsest iri i Blois.”
Yaje gutungurwa cyane abonye inyandiko yo mu Kigereki mu bubiko bw’iyo nzu ndangamurage.
Icyo abashakashatsi bavumbuye
Gysembergh yagereranyije urwo rupapuro n’amafoto yafashwe mu 1906.
Yavuze ko imyandikire, ibishushanyo by’imibare ndetse n’amakosa yari ku nyandiko byose bihura neza.
Ku ruhande rumwe rw’urupapuro hari inyandiko ya Archimedes yitwa “On the Sphere and the Cylinder”, aho yasobanuye ku nshuro ya mbere neza ubuso n’ingano by’umuzenguruko w’icyuma (sphere).
Ku rundi ruhande hari igishushanyo gishya cyatekerezwa ko cyashyizweho mu kinyejana cya 20 kugira ngo cyongere agaciro k’iyo nyandiko.
Abashakashatsi barateganya gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ririmo multispectral imaging na X-ray fluorescence kugira ngo basome neza inyandiko zihishe munsi y’icyo gishushanyo.
Gysembergh yizera ko iri vumburwa rishobora no gufasha kubona izindi mpapuro ebyiri zikibura.
Yagize ati:
“Mbese mbere y’ibi nta cyizere twari dufite cyo kuzongera kuzibona. Ubu dufite icyizere ko zishobora kuboneka.”
